If your horse is showing signs of acute laminitis, they require emergency veterinary attention and prompt treatment.
Laminitis affects the soft structures of the equine hoof, known as the laminae, and can cause significant pain and lameness.
An episode of laminitis can result in permanent damage to the internal structures of the hooves if left untreated. [1] Although the condition can be life-threatening, many horses recover with proper management.
At the first sign of a laminitis attack, there are steps you can take to slow the progression of laminar damage and improve your horse’s prognosis. This includes immediately calling your veterinarian, removing your horse from pasture and grains. In some cases, standing the horse in an ice water bath is helpful.
This article will discuss emergency steps to take if you think your horse is experiencing a flare-up of acute laminitis. Once the laminitic emergency has been managed, follow these steps to support your horse’s recovery.
Laminitis Emergency Treatment Protocol
Laminitis should be treated promptly to minimize damage to the laminae.
Step 1) Assess Your Horse for Signs of Laminitis
Observe your horse’s ability to move. Determine if he is willing and able to move at the walk and turn his body. Don’t force the horse to move if he is not able to as this could cause additional damage to the laminae and increase pain.
Look for signs of pain. Horses with laminitis may be unwilling to stand on hard surfaces. They may also shift their weight frequently and lift their feet alternately. They are unwilling to lift their feet. A glazed facial expression, irritability, and unwillingness to be touched can be signs of pain. They may spend more time than normal lying down.
Check your horse’s digital pulse. An unusually strong pulse in your horse’s digital artery can be caused by obstruction to blood flow through the hoof and could potentially indicate the presence of laminitis. Use your fingers to check the pulse of the paired digital arteries which run over the sesamoid bones in the back of the fetlock and in the upper and mid pastern.
Step 2) Contact Your Veterinarian
Laminitis is a veterinary emergency that requires prompt treatment. A veterinarian can determine the extent of damage that has occurred in the hooves and what treatment is required.
A veterinarian will perform a medical assessment including a lameness exam to diagnose your horse and determine a treatment plan for laminitis. Be prepared to provide your veterinarian with your horse’s medical history and current diet.
Radiographs may need to be taken to detect if there have been any changes to the coffin bone. These images can also be very helpful for the farrier to determine how the horse should be trimmed to properly balance the foot and if therapeutic shoeing would be beneficial.
Step 3) Move Your Horse to a Small Area with Soft Bedding
Horses with laminitis should move as little as possible until they are assessed by a veterinarian. Until the extent of the damage to the laminae is known, restrict unnecessary movement to avoid causing further injury.
If your horse shows signs of laminitis while at pasture and is unable to move, it may be necessary to use a trailer to transport him from the field to the stable. Do not leave the horse on pasture under any circumstances.
If moving the horse from one area to another is necessary, try to stay on soft ground or create a path using a soft footing such as sand or sawdust. Materials such as rubber mats or carpets can also be used to make a pathway for the horse to walk on. If necessary, the veterinarian can use nerve blocks to allow the application of Styrofoam pads or boots with pads.
A stall or small area with soft bedding is ideal for your horse to stand on. Beddings such as shavings, sawdust, or soaked wood pellets are helpful for supporting the hooves and maximizing weight distribution.
Step 4) Administer Cold Water Therapy
Cryotherapy involves the controlled cooling of a horse’s hooves, preferably prior to or at the onset of lameness. This therapy can be administered using either ice water or commercial systems.
Experts recommend cooling the hoof wall to 5 to 10 degrees Celsius (41 to 50 Fahrenheit) for a period of 48 to 72 hours. [8] Cryotherapy is widely accepted as an effective therapy to prevent and treat laminitis related to a systemic inflammatory response.
Pasture-associated laminitis is related to insulin spikes in metabolic syndrome. Icing can help prevent it but only if started before the horse is lame. It has not been shown to be helpful after the fact and may be contraindicated.
Cryotherapy induces vasoconstriction, decreases inflammatory damage and decreases metabolic activity in the area. This reduces the activity of enzymes that break down the laminae. [8]
Step 4) Identify the Cause of Laminitis
Laminitis can occur due to a range of causes. [4] Determining the cause of laminitis in your horse is important as this will influence what type of treatment is necessary.
The four main types of laminitis are:
- Endocrinopathic laminitis: Occurs in horses that have equine metabolic syndrome and or Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID). [5] High insulin levels have been shown to be the only risk factor for pasture-related laminitis. Endocrinopathic laminitis accounts for about 90% of all cases.
- Sepsis-associated laminitis: This is laminitis associated with a systemic inflammatory response. It occurs as a secondary effect of illness such as pneumonia, colic, colitis, or retained placenta. [2] A systemic inflammatory response is also behind laminitis from grain overload, experimental fructan overload and infections such as Lyme disease,